Thin-Film Transistor Liquid Crystal Display (TFT LCD) is a dominant display technology widely used in modern electronic devices, from smartphones and computer monitors to televisions and automotive screens. Combining the principles of liquid crystals and semiconductor transistors, TFT LCDs deliver sharp images, vibrant colors, and energy efficiency.
A typical TFT LCD panel comprises multiple layers working together to produce images:
Backlight Unit:
Most TFT LCDs use an LED backlight to provide uniform illumination across the screen.
Polarizing Filters:
Two polarizing layers (front and rear) align light waves in specific directions.
Glass Substrates:
TFT Array Substrate:
The bottom glass layer houses a grid of thin-film transistors, one for each subpixel (red, green, blue).
Color Filter Substrate:
The top layer contains a color filter array to produce RGB colors.
Liquid Crystal Layer:
Sandwiched between the two glass substrates, this layer consists of liquid crystal molecules that twist or untwist in response to electric fields, modulating light transmission.
Electrodes:
Transparent electrodes (e.g., indium tin oxide, ITO) apply voltage to the liquid crystals.
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